This article explores the factors that influence the average number of children Japanese families have, including cultural expectations, economic factors, and government policies. The marriage rate in Japan has been steadily declining since 1975 due to an aging population and increased educational attainment for women, and this decline has had an effect on birth rates. Economic considerations such as cost of living, job security, and access to childcare; as well as government policies aimed at increasing fertility rates are all factors that can make it difficult for couples to decide whether or not they should start or expand their families. Cultural expectations also play a role in determining how many kids Japanese families will have, although these traditional values are less influential among younger generations. Variation between different regions within Japan depends on local socio-economic conditions which can affect family formation decisions.