This article examines the question of whether Japan has a one-child policy, looking at the history and current status of Japan’s population, the one-child policy in Japan, and its potential impacts on Japanese society. It is found that there is no official one-child policy in place, but various local governments have implemented measures to encourage smaller families. Alternatives such as providing better access to healthcare services and education opportunities for women are suggested as a way to reduce family sizes without resorting to drastic measures like those seen with other countries’ one-child policies.