Public displays of affection (PDA) are generally frowned upon in Japan due to the country's values of modesty and discretion. While holding hands and hugging are considered acceptable forms of PDA, kissing is generally reserved for more private settings. Although there are no legal consequences for kissing in public, there may be social consequences if seen as disrespectful or inappropriate. As Japan becomes more Westernized, attitudes towards PDA may shift, but it is important to always be respectful of local customs and norms when traveling to a new country.