This article explores the history, current state and types of orphanages in Japan, as well as government regulations and challenges facing them. There are approximately 400 orphanages operating across Japan with most located in rural areas. The Japanese government has put several regulations into place regarding their operations and management practices to ensure that all orphanage facilities meet national standards for quality and safety. Despite these regulations, there are still many challenges facing orphanage facilities throughout Japan such as lack of funding, staff shortages due to low wages and lack of awareness about adoption options.