In Japan, all citizens and legal residents have access to medical services regardless of their ability to pay through the country's universal coverage healthcare system. The average Japanese citizen pays around 10% of their annual income towards healthcare costs each year, which includes premiums paid into both National Health Insurance (NHI) and Employee-Sponsored Medical Insurance (ESMI) plans as well as any co-payments or out-of-pocket expenses associated with treatments received under these plans. Private healthcare is also available but can be expensive due to higher fees charged by private doctors and hospitals. Pros of the system include universal coverage and high quality medical treatments at reasonable prices, while some cons include long waiting times due to overcrowding and limited availability/accessibility of certain specialized treatments.