This article discusses the strict drug laws in Japan and the consequences of being caught in possession or use of illegal drugs. It also looks at commonly illegally abused drugs, penalties for possession and use, illicit drug trafficking, treatment options for addiction, prevention programs and education. Penalties range from fines up to 30 million yen (approximately 270 000 USD) to life imprisonment or even death penalty depending on the circumstances surrounding each case. Treatment options are available through public health services as well as private clinics offering specialized care such as detoxification programs and residential treatment centers. Prevention programs and education initiatives have been put in place by the Japanese government to help prevent drug abuse among its citizens.