Japan is a wealthy and developed country, but poverty still exists. This article explores the factors contributing to poverty in Japan such as income inequality, an aging population, low wages, rising costs of living, lack of access to education, job insecurity and gender discrimination. These issues have far-reaching consequences on society leading to social exclusion and stress impacting physical and mental health, educational attainment and employment opportunities amongst others. The government has taken steps towards addressing these issues but more needs to be done if we want to reduce levels of extreme deprivation and provide meaningful support for those struggling financially.