This article provides an overview of the biggest foreign population living in Japan, which includes Chinese, South Korean, Filipino, Thai, Brazilian, Peruvian, Vietnamese and Indian nationals. It discusses the factors that have contributed to their growth over time such as increased economic opportunities and better access to education. It also outlines the challenges faced by these populations such as language barriers and discrimination. Finally, it highlights the need for improved policies to ensure the wellbeing of all foreign residents in Japan.